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The Human Body Parts And Their Functions
Chemically, the human body is mainly composed of water and organic compounds, namely lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. The human body is 60% water by weight.
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The nine major organ systems of the human body are the skin system, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, excretory system, nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive system.
The human body, the physical substance of a human organism, consists of living cells and extracellular matter, organized into tissues, organs, and systems.
Multiple articles covering human anatomy and physiology. For detailed discussions of specific tissues, organs and systems,
Human blood; cardiovascular system; digestive system, human; endocrine system, human; renal system; skin; human muscular system; nervous system; reproductive system, human; respiratory, human; sensory reception, human; skeletal system, human. For description the development of the body from birth to old age,
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Proteins; carbohydrates; lipids; nucleic acids; vitamins; and hormones For information about the structure and function of the cells that make up the body,
Abdominal cavity; adrenal gland; aorta; bone brain; ears, eyes, heart; kidney; large intestine; lungs; nose; ovary; pancreas; pituitary gland; small intestine; spinal cord; spleen; stomach; testicles; thymus gland; thyroid gland; teeth uterus; backbone.
Humans are, of course, animals, specifically members of the subphylum vertebrates primates within the phylum chordates. Like all chordates, the human animal has a bilaterally symmetrical body with a dorsal support rod (notochord), branchial slits in the pharyngeal region, and a hollow dorsal nerve cord at some point during its development. Of these features, the first two are only at the embryonic stage in humans; the notochord is replaced by a spinal column, and the pharyngeal clefts disappear completely. The spinal cord is the human spinal cord; it exists throughout life.
Characteristic of the vertebrate form, the human body has an internal skeleton including a spine. Consistent with the structure of mammals, the human body has features such as hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sensory organs.
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Beyond these similarities, however, there are some profound differences. Among mammals, only humans stand primarily on two legs (bipedalism), which drastically changes the overall body structure of mammals. (Even the kangaroo, which hops on two legs when moving fast, walks on all fours and uses its tail as a “third leg” when standing.) Furthermore, the human brain, especially the neocortex, is highly developed. As intelligent as many other mammals in the animal kingdom (such as chimpanzees and dolphins), none have reached the level of intelligence of the human species.
Chemically, the human body is mainly composed of water and organic compounds, namely lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Water exists in the body’s extracellular fluid (plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid) and intracellularly. It acts as a solvent without which the chemical reactions of life would not be possible. The human body is 60% water by weight.
Lipids (mainly fats, phospholipids and steroids) are the main structural components of the human body. Fat provides the body with energy reserves, and fat pads also function as insulators and absorbers. Phospholipids and the steroid compound cholesterol are major components of the membranes surrounding every cell.
Protein is also the main structural component of the human body. Like lipids, proteins are an essential building block of cell membranes. In addition, extracellular materials such as hair and nails are composed of proteins. The same goes for collagen, the fibrous, elastic material that makes up human skin, bones, tendons and many ligaments. Proteins also perform many functional roles in the body. Of particular importance are cellular proteins called enzymes, which catalyze the chemical reactions necessary for life.
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Carbohydrates exist primarily in the body as fuel, as simple sugars circulating in the blood, or as hepatic glycogen, a storage compound found in the liver and muscles. Cell membranes also contain small amounts of carbohydrates, but unlike plants and many invertebrates, humans have very few structural carbohydrates.
Nucleic acid makes up the genetic material of the human body. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries the body’s main genetic code, the instructions for how each cell works. The DNA that is passed from parents to offspring determines each person’s genetic characteristics. Various types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) help carry out the instructions encoded in DNA.
In addition to water and organic compounds, body composition also contains various inorganic minerals. Mainly calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and iron. Calcium and phosphorus combine to form calcium phosphate crystals, which make up most of the bones in the body. Calcium, like sodium, is also present in the blood and interstitial fluid in ionic form. On the other hand, the intercellular fluid is rich in phosphorus, potassium and magnesium ions. All these ions play a vital role in the metabolic process of the human body. Iron is present as part of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells. Other mineral components of the body are cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese and zinc in small but essential concentrations.
Cells are the basic unit of life in the human body and all living organisms. The human body is made up of trillions of cells, each capable of growing, metabolizing, responding to stimuli, and, with few exceptions, reproducing. Although there are about 200 different types of cells in the body, they can be divided into four basic categories. These four basic cell types, together with their extracellular material, make up the basic tissues of the human body: (1) epithelial tissue, which covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs, body cavities, and passages; (2) muscle tissue, which can contract and make up the muscular tissue of the body; (3) nervous tissue, which carries electrical impulses and makes up the nervous system; (4) connective tissue, which consists of widely spaced cells and a large intercellular matrix that connects different body structures. (Bone and blood are considered special connective tissues in which the intercellular matrix is hard and liquid, respectively).
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The next level of organization in the body is the organ level. An organ is a group of tissues that form different structural and functional units. Therefore, the heart is an organ made up of four tissues whose function is to pump blood throughout the body. Of course, the heart doesn’t work in isolation; it’s part of a system of blood and blood vessels. Therefore, the highest level of body organization is the organ system.
The human body has nine major organ systems, each consisting of various organs and tissues that function as functional units. The main components and functions of each system are summarized below. (1) The integumentary system consisting of the skin and related structures protects the body from harmful microorganisms and chemicals; it also prevents loss of body water. (2) The musculoskeletal system (also called the musculoskeletal system and the skeletal system, respectively), consisting of skeletal muscles and bones (about 206 bones in an adult), is responsible for moving the body and protecting internal organs. (3) The respiratory system, consisting of the airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles, obtains from the air the oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism; it also returns carbon dioxide produced as metabolic waste to the air. (4) The circulatory system consisting of the heart, blood, and blood vessels circulates fluid throughout the body, providing cells with a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide and toxic nitrogen compounds. . (5) The digestive system consisting of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines breaks down food into useful substances (nutrients), which are then absorbed from the blood or lymph; the system excretes unusable or excess parts of food remove. (6) The excretory system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra removes toxic nitrogen compounds and other waste products from the blood. (7) The nervous system, consisting of the sensory organs, brain, spinal cord, and nerves, transmits, integrates, and analyzes sensory information and conducts impulses to elicit appropriate muscular or glandular responses. (8) The endocrine system, consisting of hormone-secreting glands and tissues, provides a chemical communication network to coordinate various bodily processes. (9) The reproductive system, consisting of the male or female sex organs, capable of reproduction and thus ensuring the continuation of the species. All humans have.
